新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染的肺炎的影像学检查与感染防控的工作方案

2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus,2019-nCoV)感染的肺炎,自2019年12月发现以来,目前正呈蔓延之势,疫情就是命令,防控就是责任。为进一步做好2019-nCoV感染的肺炎的预防与控制工作,有效预防交叉感染,保护患者和医务人员,笔者结合相关重要国家文件、国家标准和参考文献以及本单位在防控新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染的肺炎工作中的体会,制定了新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染的肺炎的影像学检查与感染防控的工作方案,本研究重点介绍影像学检查的质控方案,包括影像学检查技术和CT诊断要点;以及感染防控的质控方案,包括科室环境和布局防控要求,登记人员、技师、医师和护师岗位防控要求,设备和环境防控要求,"感染防控防护级别"和"医务人员穿脱防护用品流程"两个附录。     

新型冠状病毒医院感染防控常见困惑探讨

新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎是一种新发的传染病,医院是确诊和疑似患者的收治场所,医院感染防控是一项十分重要的工作。由于突发疫情的心理压力和对新发疾病特点的不熟悉,医务人员在医院感染防控中面临很多的困惑,本文从医务人员防护、手卫生、隔离要求等方面对常见的困惑进行探讨。     

重症肺炎合并应激性溃疡出血的中医证候研究

目的：初步探索重症肺炎合并应激性溃疡出血的中医证候及主要证型，为辨证施治提供依据。方法：选取2014年1月1日至12月31日北京中医药大学东方医院收治的重症肺炎合并应激性溃疡出血患者60例作为研究对象。对主要症状体征直接辨证，对伴随症状体征采用因子分析寻找该疾病的常见中医证候，并统计其分布特点。结果：本病涉及的主要脏腑为肺、脾，主要证候符合痰热蕴肺证特点，伴随症状体征辨证显示气阴亏虚、肺脾不足兼见痰浊、瘀血的特点。结论：重症肺炎合并应激性溃疡出血初期以痰热壅肺为基础证型、核心证型，在此基础上可见气阴两虚、肺脾不足的证候表现，同时兼见痰湿、血瘀之象，病性虚实夹杂，病位在肺脾。     

喜炎平注射液佐治儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效评价及对血清炎症因子水平的影响

目的　观察喜炎平注射液佐治儿童肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）的临床疗效及对患儿血清中相关炎症因子水平的影响。方法　随机选取2017年9月至2018年10月辽宁中医药大学附属医院儿科收治的53例MPP患儿为疾病组，将疾病组再随机分为对照组27例和观察组26例，随机选取同期15例健康体检儿童为正常组。对照组给予笔者医院常规中西医结合治疗方案，观察组在对照组基础上加用喜炎平注射液静点。对比观察组与对照组的病证总分变化、中医证候疗效及各组患儿治疗前后血清中γ干扰素（IFN-γ）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素（IL）-4、IL-17、IL-18炎症因子水平变化。结果　治疗后，两组患儿的临床症状及中医证候疗效均明显好转，但两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组患儿病证总积分均明显减少（P＜0.05），观察组优于对照组，但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。治疗前，与正常组比较，疾病组患儿血清中各炎症因子均升高，且差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；与治疗前比较，观察组和对照组患儿治疗后各炎症因子均降低，其中IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-4、IL-17差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与对照组治疗后比较，观察组治疗后TNF-α、IL-4、IL-17、IL-18炎症因子降幅更低，其中TNF-α、IL-4、IL-17差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。而IFN-γ水平相对升高，但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论　喜炎平注射液佐治儿童MPP安全有效，可通过调节MPP患儿血清中IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-4、IL-17、IL-18炎症因子水平，抑制MPP炎症反应，从而提高临床治疗效果。     

Empirical antibiotic usage and bacterial superinfections in patients with COVID-19 in Japan: A nationwide survey by the Japanese Respiratory Society

An internet questionnaire survey for investigating empirical antibiotic usage and bacterial superinfections in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in Japan was conducted among the chief physicians of respiratory disease departments of 715 Japanese Respiratory Society-certified hospitals using Google Forms between January 28, 2021 and February 28, 2021. Responses to the questionnaire survey were obtained from 198 of 715 hospitals (27.6%). The survey revealed that the complication incidences of community-acquired pneumonia; hospital-acquired pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia; and sepsis were 2.86, 5.59, and 0.99%, respectively, among patients with moderate/severe and critical COVID-19. Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection rarely affected patients with COVID-19 in Japan, and the isolated pathogens were not specific to these patients. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides for COVID-19 were not observed in several studies. These results might be useful in clinical practice for COVID-19.     

中药离子导入联合中药外敷治疗小儿大叶性肺炎

目的观察中药离子导入联合中药外敷治疗对小儿大叶性肺炎的临床疗效。方法将60例大叶性肺炎患儿随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组30例,2组均予以西医抗炎对症支持治疗,合并细菌感染者,选用第3代头孢霉素静滴(具体药物及剂量根据血象情况和药敏试验结果而定);合并肺炎支原体感染者,阿奇霉素(希舒美)静滴10 mg/(kg·d),1次/d,连续静滴3 d,停药4 d,再静滴3 d。以及中药外敷治疗,药物由大黄、芒硝、炒芥子、炒桃仁组成。治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上加用中药离子导入治疗,中药离子导入仪由北京华医新技术研究所生产,药饼药物组成为石膏、杏仁、麻黄、甘草、儿茶等。以上2组均以7 d为1个疗程,治疗1个疗程后观察临床疗效,并以啰音消失时间进行临床疗效评价。结果治疗组总有效率96.67%,对照组总有效率80%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(p<0.05);治疗组啰音消失时间(5.17±1.60)d短于对照组啰音消失时间(7.57±1.22)d,2组比较差异有统计学意义(p<0.05)。结论中药离子导入联合中药外敷达到疏通经络,清热宣肺,止咳平喘之功。     

干扰素联合炎琥宁治疗小儿手足口病的临床效果评价

目的 探究干扰素联合炎琥宁治疗小儿手足口病的效果观察.方法 选取2016年4月—2019年3月医院收治的手足口病患儿104例,依随机数字表分为参照组和干预组,各52例.参照组患儿应用干扰素治疗,干预组患儿加用炎琥宁治疗.观察两组患儿的治疗效果、临床症状消退时间、黏附分子表达量和心肌酶水平.结果 干预组患儿治疗总有效率为90.38%,明显高于参照组患儿的75%;干预组患儿发热、口腔溃疡和手足皮疹的消退时间均明显短于参照组患儿(P<0.05);两组患儿治疗后的CD44、ICAM-1、VCAM-1、CK、LDH和CK-MB水平均明显低于治疗前水平(P<0.05),且干预组患儿治疗后的CD44、ICAM-1、VCAM-1、CK、LDH和CK-MB水平均明显低于参照组患儿治疗后水平(P<0.05).结论 干扰素联合炎琥宁治疗小儿手足口病的效果显著.     

An overview of lefamulin for the treatment of community acquired bacterial pneumonia

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Lefamulin is a novel antibiotic that belongs to the pleuromutilin class with excellent activity against all microorganisms, including atypical pathogens, that cause community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).     

Medical populism and the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT

This paper uses the vocabulary of ‘medical populism’ to identify and analyse the political constructions of (and responses to) the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, the Philippines, and the United States from January to mid-July 2020, particularly by the countries’ heads of state: Jair Bolsonaro, Rodrigo Duterte, and Donald Trump. In all three countries, the leaders’ responses to the outbreak can be characterised by the following features: simplifying the pandemic by downplaying its impacts or touting easy solutions or treatments, spectacularizing their responses to crisis, forging divisions between the ‘people’ and dangerous ‘others’, and making medical knowledge claims to support the above. Taken together, the case studies illuminate the role of individual political actors in defining public health crises, suggesting that medical populism is not an exceptional, but a familiar response to them. This paper concludes by offering recommendations for global health in anticipating and responding to pandemics and infectious disease outbreaks.     

Laboratory Biosafety: Laboratory response checklist for infectious disease outbreaks—preparedness and response considerations for emerging threats

The purpose of the Laboratory Response Checklist for Infectious Disease Outbreaks (the Checklist) is to provide public health laboratories and laboratory networks operating at multiple jurisdictional levels with a useful, adaptable tool to help rapidly identify important outbreak response considerations, particularly when investigating a previously unknown infectious disease threat. The Checklist was developed by the National Microbiology Laboratory of Canada in collaboration with provincial/territorial, national and international laboratory experts, including the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network, and the Global Health Security Action Group Laboratory Network. While the Checklist was initially designed to reflect lessons learned through National Microbiology Laboratory participation in extended national and international outbreak responses (e.g. Zika virus epidemic [2015–2016], Ebola virus epidemic, West Africa [2014–2016]), the importance of optimizing laboratory response coordination has only been underscored by the ongoing challenges presented by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response requirements. The Checklist identifies five highly interdependent laboratory response themes, each of which encompasses multiple considerations that may be critical to a coordinated, strategic outbreak response. As such, the comprehensive review of Checklist considerations by responding laboratory organizations may provide a valuable opportunity to quickly detect key response considerations and interdependencies, and mitigate risks with the potential to impact public health action.